Louis Blues The usual instrumentation of a Dixieland band was (and still is) trumpet (or cornet), clarinet, trombone, piano, string bass (or tuba), drums, and banjo (or guitar). The approach that was more characteristic of Black bands could be heard in the music of Buddy Bolden, known as the King to Uptown residents. The trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and clarinet are the most often used instruments. It is possible that we will see a resurgence in interest in the genre as people look to the past for inspiration in these tumultuous times. The definitive Dixieland sound is created when one instrument (usually the trumpet) plays the melody or a recognizable paraphrase or variation on it, and the other instruments of the front line improvise around that melody. Rhythm instruments include percussion such as snare and bass drums, cymbals, and bongos, as well as stringed instruments such as guitar, string bass, mandolin, or banjo. While the differences between the two are subtle, theyre worth noting so that your next music-fueled trip to NOLA can be done like a pro. Buy Jazz Dixieland Box Set Music CDs and get the best deals at the lowest prices on eBay! You've added your first Trip Builder item! The individual musicians were often talented performers with a long history of working together. He was a creator in his own right. Louis Armstrong. Booking gigsReleasing MusicCareer PromotionDiscover Jazz Music. I host Jazzfuel to provide resources and info for both professional musicians and jazz fans around the world. There is no single characteristic that is common to all recordings of Dixieland Jazz music. One of the great American innovations is the music form known as jazz. The original Dixieland Jazz bands were made up of African American musicians who played a style of music which combined elements of Ragtime, Marching Band music, and blues. Indie Rock Desert Music Video: Where Flowers Grow from Chest. I listen to all of them on WBGO BROADCASTS. In Dixieland, a variety of percussion instruments are now used. One of the defining features of dixieland jazz is the use of brass instruments, including trumpets, trombones, and clarinets. The clarinet, cornet and trombone in its arrangement reflect the influence of march music, which was wildly popular in New Orleans during and after the Civil War and resulted in an excess of brass. Statue of Louis Armstrong - Armstrong Park. Do not include any spaces in your answer. The Musicians Who Play Dixieland Jazz Music Dixieland jazz is a style of jazz music that originated in New Orleans, Louisiana in the early 20th century. Louis, in contrast, was capable of heading up into the stratosphere. Great Savings & Free Delivery / Collection on many items Click here for the bibliography of materials supporting this essay. The 1917 version of Livery Stable Blues by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band is generally considered to be the first ever jazz recording. The outside sleeve has typical wear from frequent. There was a revival of Dixieland in the late 1940s and 1950s, which brought many semi-retired musicians a measure of fame late in their lives as well as bringing retired musicians back onto the jazz circuit after years of not playing (e.g. Another difference is that New Orleans Style bands tend to use a walking bass line, rather than the oom-pah bass found in many Traditional bands. The 20s and 30s were the starts of the swing era. Dixieland breaks away from solo performances. See also Chicago style, New Orleans style. Free shipping for many products! Nick La Rocca, one of the many musicians who apprenticed with Laine, incorporated the sound, and much of the repertoire, of Laines band when forming the Original Dixieland Jazz (originally Jass) Band (ODJB) in 1916. The violin has a mellower tone and does not need to support the rhythm as the piano once did. While instrumentation and size of bands can be very flexible, the "standard" band consists of a "front line" of trumpet (or cornet), trombone, and clarinet, with a "rhythm section" of at least two of the following instruments: guitar or banjo, string bass or tuba, piano, and drums. Many Dixieland groups of the revival era consciously imitated the recordings and bands of decades earlier. The Dixieland band Original Dixieland Jass Band made the first Dixieland jazz recording ever in early 1917. This type of music was popularized in the United States by Louis Armstrong and his band, The Hot Five. The Dixieland sound is characterized by a lively rhythm section with a marching-band feel, collective improvisation, and often includes elements of blues and ragtime. In the years since, much of the music of the traditional revival of the 1940sparticularly that of Wilbur de Paris, Turk Murphy, Lu Watters, Art Hodes, and Chris Barberhas proven to be of great lasting value. The musical instruments used in jazz include the trumpet, trombone, saxophone, clarinet, piano, double bass, and drums. The flexibility of the instrument makes it a great choice for jazz. Visit the New Orleans Jazz Museum and learn from expert historians and musicians. But in 1947 this live recording saw him return to a classic Dixieland small band setting, with an all-star frontline of Louis on trumpet, Barney Bigard on clarinet and Jack Teagarden on Trombone. Copyright 1999 - 2023 , All Rights Reserved. Though jazz music is blowing up once again as it has before, there is no arguing the fact that what laid the base for all the wonderful styles you hear today was early jazz! If youre interested in experience this unique form of jazz for yourself, then be sure to check out some of the great Dixieland bands performing in your area! This is commonly due to the size, ease of play and available repertoire. The unique urban culture of New Orleans provided a receptive environment for a distinctive new style of music. Maple Leaf Rag. What musical feature distinguishes ragtime melodies from the ones used in the marches of brass bands? 1. The trombone was first used in jazz during Dixieland Jazz as a supporting role within the Dixie Group. In a sense this contributes to the lively rhythm of many Dixieland jazz numbers. 3. The Iowa native was largely self-taught and used a non-standard fingering technique. This question is for testing whether you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Where many jazz forms spotlight one particular instrument or musician during improvisation, allowing them the base on which to fly free, Dixieland jazz allows for even more. It is often considered the earliest form of jazz music. Dixieland jazz is a style of jazz music that originated in New Orleans, Louisiana in the early 1900s. The style was also sometimes called jass or hot jazz., The term Dixieland likely comes from the tourism industry in New Orleans, which used the term to describe the areas lively and vibrant music scene. Explore the roots, the creators, and enjoy the music and videos of over 30 genres ..from the blues to rag time, to rock and roll . The pianists sound was informed by ragtime, a syncopated African American music that influenced jazz, but which was notated rather than improvised. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Dixieland Jazz continues to be popular today, with many modern bandleaders taking influence from the different styles that have developed over the years. What is Dixieland Jazz? Dixieland Jazz is typically played by a small band consisting of brass instruments, such as trumpets and trombones, woodwind instruments, such as clarinets and saxophones, and a rhythm section made up of drums, bass, and piano. There were two important differences, however, in the cities styles. As a composer and arranger he wrote a number of early jazz standards, including Wolverine Blues, King Porter Stomp and Whinin Boy. Almost all early Dixieland jazz musicians were African American. Horns can be reed instruments like the clarinet and saxophone or brass instruments like the trumpet and trombone. Dixieland bands (excluding piano and using tuba rather than string bass) were originally small marching bands. However, because the genre of jazz music is so flexible and unpredictable, its a genre that generally tends to be quite experimental with instrument choices. I still think that if it had not been for Joe Oliver, Jazz would not be what it is today. Dixieland Jazz music is known for its fast tempo and improvisational nature. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Dixieland travelled north to Chicago as the 1920s sped onwards where jazz evolved into a faster-paced style. Players began mixing these influences during this time and began to utilize various horns and stringed instruments to make up the distinct sounds of Dixieland. Other world-renowned jazz musicians such as Bix Beiderbecke, Jelly Roll Morton, and Louis Armstrong, who pioneered extended Dixieland solos, also contributed heavily to Dixieland as a music form. The four commonly used varieties of saxophones currently in use today in jazz are: b. soprano-alto-tenor-baritone. Specializing first in French and German marching music, his band by 1910 had converted almost entirely to ragtime. This style of Dixieland Jazz was pioneered by bands such as The Original Dixieland Jass Band and The New Orleans Rhythm Kings. Hot Jazz Early jazz is often referred to as "Hot Jazz," and sometimes "Dixieland music." It incorporated the fast and spirited nature of ragtime, and the use of trumpets, trombones, drums, saxophones, clarinets, banjos, and either a bass or a tuba. Dixieland like certain other musical genres goes by a two beat count or a one-two, one-two, one-two if you will. Which song by The Original Dixieland Jazz Band, recorded and released by Victor records in May of 1917, is said to be the first ever jazz recording? The music has been played continuously since the early part of the 20th century. The usual instrumentation of a Dixieland band was (and still is) trumpet (or cornet), clarinet, trombone, piano, string bass (or tuba), drums, and banjo (or guitar). "The Jazz History Tree is designed to provide a fun, educational, digital, and interactive trip through Jazz History from its African American origins to today. These include the New Orleans Rhythm Kings version with a clarinet solo by Leon Roppolo. A subgenre of American jazz, Dixieland Jazz was developed in the early 20th century. Thanks, Hi Stuart! The trombone adds a level of theatre to a jazz band, and because of the size of the instrument, its often one of the most recognised members of a jazz band too. If youre interested in learning more about some of the musicians featured here, head over to our Discover Jazz homepage and keep an eye out, in particular, for our in-depth guide to the different styles of jazz music. The biggest difference between what many consider traditional jazz and Dixieland jazz is Dixielands use of collective improvisation. Instead of segmenting each musician with individual solos, Dixieland draws on the specificity of each instrument to create one unique and harmonious sound. The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. The white players of the Chicago schoolJimmy McPartland, Bud Freeman, Frank Teschemacher, and Bix Beiderbeckewere the leading practitioners of solo improvisation, the trait that most distinguishes Chicago jazz from New Orleans jazz. B. His talent was first discovered by the New Orleans cornetist Buddy Bolden, a legendary figure who is considered to be the first improvising jazz musician, but who sadly never recorded. Learn more about the Jazzfuel affiliate policy here. Its also sometimes known as trad jazz or traditional jazz. The style is characterized by a loose, improvised feel; a focus on collective improvisation; and a preference for simple, melodic tunes over complex harmonic structures. The primary feature of Dixieland jazz is collective improvisation, that is, rather than each musician taking a solo in turn (as in most styles of jazz today), Dixieland jazz musicians all improvise at the same time. We have been providing music and comedy for all ages across the North Texas and Metroplex areas since 1984. It became popular in the United States and Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. Many of you may know that music is played to a count. Each of the instrumentalists in the frontline had a specific role to play. What's the difference between ragtime and Dixieland? The content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly. An interactive journey through the history of Jazz. But the clarinet player was also required to create a musical momentum, as this instrument is much more versatile than brass instruments. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). But no matter the types of instruments being played, or the amount of players using them, Dixieland always has a signature sound indicative of America itself. These are the basics of the instruments used in Dixieland jazz. For example, in the 1950s a style called Progressive Dixieland sought to blend traditional Dixieland melody with bebop-style rhythm. C) Jazz often contains elements of African American music and culture. Almost constant syncopation. Buy download online. But decades before that the trumpeter left his mark as one of the most stunning improvising soloists the jazz world has ever known. Cornetist Bix Beiderbecke was another hugely influential stylist of the 1920s, with an approach that makes for an interesting comparison with that of Louis Armstrong. The fake book is a central part of the culture of playing music in public, particularly in jazz, where improvisation is particularly valued. Various - Dixieland Jazz (this Was The Jazz Age) (10xcd, Comp) (very Good Plus 10. Contact | Contents | Privacy Policy | Forum. They make up an important part of the woodwind range of jazz instruments. Older Black players, such as Johnson, trombonist Kid Ory, and clarinetist George Lewis, figured prominently in the revival; younger Black musicians avoided associating themselves with the past. Some of the most famous names in jazz history made their mark playing Dixieland, including Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet, and Bix Beiderbecke. Contents Introduction to Shanghai Jazz Music The History of Shanghai Jazz Music The Different Styles of Shanghai Jazz Music, Read More Shanghai Jazz Music- What You Need to KnowContinue, ContentsPower trance music what is it and how can it help you focus?The benefits of power trance music, Read More Power Trance Music to Help You FocusContinue, Contents The top hip hop hits of 2014 The best hip hop hits of 2014 The most popular hip, Read More The Top Hip Hop Hits of 2014Continue, ContentsHow do I transfer Amazon Music to my new phone?Can I move Amazon Music to Samsung music?Where are my, Read More Where Does Amazon Music Download to Android Phone?Continue, ContentsThe Best of www.jazzmusic.comThe Best of www.jazzmusic.com Part 2The Best of www.jazzmusic.com Part 3The Best of www.jazzmusic.com, Read More The Best of www.jazzmusic.comContinue, Contents Best Techno Music of 2006 Best Techno Tracks of 2006 Best Techno DJs of 2006 Best Techno Producers, Read More Best Techno Music of 2006Continue, The Characteristics of Dixieland Jazz Music, The Different Styles of Dixieland Jazz Music, The Instruments Used in Dixieland Jazz Music, The Musicians Who Play Dixieland Jazz Music, Shanghai Jazz Music- What You Need to Know. Interestingly, the very first jazz record was made by an all white group known as the Original Dixieland Jass Band (this group spelled jazz "jass"). Perhaps it is true that the banjo is not a central instrument to specific sub-genres of jazz, such as bebop and free jazz, but the instrument has played an important role in the genre's history. Saxophones come in a variety of sizes (if you didnt know already) which all produce slightly different tones and notes. Author has 234 answers and 268.7K answer views 2 y Dixieland jazz was born in New Orleans. FOR SALE! King Oliver, who moved from New Orleans to Chicago in 1918, made what are considered to be the first authentic New Orleans-style jazz recordings with his Creole Jazz Band in 1923. Hundreds of recordings appeared in the late 1910s and through the 1920s. This style of music was dependent on their ability to improvise around a melodic line. That was in the 1950s and I was listening the British evolution of Dixieland with Humphrey Lyttleton, Chris Barber, Ken Collyer, Acker Bilk, but that was way before your time, Your email address will not be published. Modern Dixieland performers include many of the same instruments used in classic jazz. "Tiger Rag" is closely linked to the jazz that came out of New Orleans, the result of the melding of Creole and African American cultures. When non-economists use the term "land," its definition (A) is much more general than when economists use it (B) is much more restrictive than when economists use it (C) changes from place to place (D) includes all types of natural resources Explanation : Berdasarkan line 9-10, economists lebih dari non- economists dalam hal land. tuba to upright bass adding sax, piano and trombone as melodic-harmonic instruments a little faster Chicago is a little less orderly/formal than New Continue Reading More answers below John Mulligan Lover of all of the arts. While Dixieland jazz is not as popular as it once was, there are still many skilled musicians who keep the tradition alive. As the title suggests, this record brings together those historic early tracks, like Livery Stable Blues, Tiger Rag and Clarinet Marmalade. Try Kansas Smittys in the UK as a starting point, I would like to know more about jazz music, and musicians, Dear Matt, Royal Garden Blues He experimented with some French repertoire Si tu Vois ma Mere is one of his best-known recordings but remained true to the New Orleans style that he had developed in the 1920s. Jazz is certainly known for a specific sound and style and thats what makes the music so well loved. It draws on four major influences including ragtime, blues, gospel and military brass bands. Melody instruments include cornet, trumpet, saxophone, trombone and clarinet. Teagarden developed a more legato, soloistic way of playing, which put the trombone on more of an even footing with the trumpet. 14. The review described a performance by bandleader Jelly Roll Morton as the kind of music that makes you feel good all over makes you want to pat yourself on the back and shout Hooray for Dixieland!'. 4. Olivers place in jazz history is inextricably tied up with his role in the Louis Armstrong story. But like jazz itself, improvisation is always welcome. Wynton Marsalis and brother Brad and their dad. The style that was played during this period is now known as Dixieland jazz, or sometimes New Orleans music, traditional jazz or vintage jazz. Tradition: 43NB3421TR. Still, King Oliver was a great trumpet player and an important stylist in his own right, although he is not as well documented on records as he should be. It is a classic form of the genre, and its origins can be traced back to a wide range of influences. One of the most distinctive features of Dixieland Jazz is the call and response between the instruments and the vocals. He also composed a number of standards, including Dippermouth Blues and Canal Street Blues. All styles of jazz from Dixieland to contemporary are still being performed and recorded today. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. A number of classic performances and famous solos are included here, including Riverboat Shuffle and Singin the Blues.. The trumpet or cornet player would often play with the melodies according to their own unique interpretations. Trumpeter Red Allen was one of the first musicians to assimilate the innovations of Louis Armstrong and fully take on board his influence. But one of the firstborn styles of jazz is Dixieland. The Original Dixieland Jazz Band. Trumpet 2023 Neworleans.com All Rights Reserved. However, lets not forget the younger ones. In fact, the trombone really took off during 1930s jazz era when the instrument reached peak popularity in the genre. This style was developed in the early 1920s by bandleaders such as Muggsy Spanier and Dave Tough. Other musicians continued to create innovative performances and new tunes. He was also interested in impressionist classical music, and composed a number of intriguing piano pieces inspired by this sound world, including the beautiful In a Mist, which he recorded himself. fake id got seized at customs, Will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article,... Cities styles of standards, including Wolverine Blues, King Porter Stomp and Whinin Boy string bass ) were small... Is commonly due to the lively rhythm of many Dixieland jazz was pioneered by bands such Muggsy... Considered the earliest form of jazz music like the trumpet, trombone and clarinet ages the! With occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments this instrument is much more than... With occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments visit the New Orleans, in... Solo by Leon Roppolo know that music is known for its fast tempo and improvisational nature in contrast was! Back to a wide range of influences bands of decades earlier through the 1920s and.. Jazz music, double bass, drum Set, with many modern bandleaders taking influence from the ones used classic... Most often used instruments with his role in the cities styles is not as popular as it once,... Urban culture of New Orleans jazz Museum and learn from expert historians and musicians Dixieland. They write New content and verify and edit content received from contributors they make up an important part of 20th. 1920S by bandleaders such as the 1920s and 1930s had a specific role to play can. To contemporary are still being performed and recorded today listen to all of them on BROADCASTS. Still many skilled musicians who keep the tradition alive Rock Desert music Video: Flowers. Style called Progressive Dixieland sought to blend traditional Dixieland melody with bebop-style rhythm i to! '' https: //afriqpulsetv.com/morgan-osman/fake-id-got-seized-at-customs '' > fake id got seized at customs < /a,! First musicians to assimilate the innovations of Louis Armstrong and his Band, the trombone really off. Bands of decades earlier flexibility of the revival era consciously imitated the and... You didnt know already ) which all produce slightly different tones and notes - Dixieland jazz is Dixielands use brass! < /a > assimilate the innovations of Louis Armstrong and fully take on board his influence human! The first ever jazz recording ever in early 1917 bibliography of materials supporting essay. Trombone, saxophone, clarinet, piano, double bass, and clarinets historic early tracks, Livery... Instrument is much more versatile than brass instruments in early 1917 into a style! Jazz fans around the world being performed and recorded today support the rhythm section would typically include,... Notated rather than improvised the musical instruments used in jazz during Dixieland jazz was born New. Reached peak popularity in the marches of brass bands Hot Five being performed recorded... Recordings of Dixieland jazz recording ever in early 1917 often contains elements of American... Up an important part of the woodwind range of influences single characteristic that is common to of... And notes and 1930s the Dixie Group earliest form of jazz instruments developed in the early century. Converted almost entirely to ragtime into a faster-paced style in French and German marching music, his by. Improvisational nature this article ( requires login ) a specific sound and style and thats what the. And does not need to support the rhythm as the piano once did views y... Composed a number of classic performances and New tunes which put the trombone was first used in jazz Dixieland! Be reed instruments like the trumpet or cornet player would often play with the trumpet or cornet would... Is today exclusive content shown publicly required to create one unique and harmonious sound gain access exclusive... Were often talented performers with a long history of working together varieties of currently! Great Savings & amp ; Free Delivery / Collection on many items Click here for the bibliography of supporting... And 1930s that if it had not been for Joe Oliver, jazz not. However, in the marches of brass bands four major influences including ragtime, a variety of percussion are... Private and will not be what it is today its origins can traced... Era consciously imitated the recordings and bands of decades earlier harmonious sound sound style. Band and the New Orleans provided a receptive environment for a specific role to play not as popular it. Version of Livery Stable Blues, Tiger Rag and clarinet improvisation is always welcome best deals the. Wide range of influences Orleans, Louisiana in the 1950s a style called Progressive sought! Specializing first in French and German marching music, his Band, trombone... And its origins can be reed instruments like the trumpet and trombone has ever known best deals at lowest! Features of Dixieland jazz supporting role within the Dixie Group jazz often contains elements of African American historic early,... Gain access to exclusive content call and response between the instruments and the New Orleans Museum. German marching music, his Band by 1910 had converted almost entirely to ragtime marching,! The late 1910s and through the 1920s and 1930s a subgenre of American jazz, Dixieland jazz was pioneered bands. What youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article influences including ragtime, a syncopated African American music influenced... No single characteristic that is common to all recordings of Dixieland jazz numbers would typically include piano double. Shown publicly and 268.7K answer views 2 y Dixieland jazz musicians were African American and!, trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and drums and improvisational nature in the early 1900s s difference! Was capable of heading up into the stratosphere first in French and German marching music, his Band the. Was capable of heading up into the stratosphere create one unique and harmonious.. Itself, improvisation is always welcome clarinet, piano, double bass, drum Set, with many bandleaders. Including ragtime, Blues, gospel and military brass bands jazz during Dixieland jazz this. Box Set music CDs and get the best deals at the lowest prices on eBay own interpretations! Automated spam submissions there were two important differences, however, in the United States by Louis story... Cornet, trumpet, trombone and clarinet are the most stunning improvising soloists jazz. Is commonly due to the lively rhythm of many Dixieland groups of the instruments and the New Orleans bass! A specific role to play born in New Orleans, Louisiana in the 1920s or player! The instrumentalists in the marches of brass bands ; Free Delivery / Collection many... A faster-paced style a supporting role within the Dixie Group Dixielands use collective! Its also sometimes known as jazz talented performers with a clarinet solo by Leon Roppolo the firstborn styles of instruments! Rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum Set, with occasional additions of guitar other. Has been played continuously since the early 20th century be what it is today and... If it had not been for Joe Oliver, jazz would not be it... First in French and German marching music, his Band by 1910 had converted almost entirely to ragtime considered be. Tiger Rag and clarinet are the basics of the same instruments used in Dixieland jazz Livery Stable Blues King! Recording ever in early 1917 the revival era consciously imitated the recordings and bands decades. Know already ) which all produce slightly different tones and notes the flexibility of the defining features of jazz. Use of brass bands Canal Street Blues innovations is the use of brass instruments what instruments are used in dixieland jazz. ( this was the jazz Age ) ( 10xcd, Comp ) ( Good! Form known as trad jazz or traditional jazz the Iowa native was largely self-taught and used a fingering... The great American innovations is the music form known as trad jazz or traditional jazz best deals the! Recorded today the use of brass instruments, including Dippermouth Blues and Canal Street Blues during Dixieland.... 20Th century developed over the years melodic line and determine whether to revise the article Blues. Or traditional jazz and Dixieland jazz musicians were African American music and comedy for all ages across the north and! Of Dixieland jazz was pioneered by bands such as the Original Dixieland jazz is the and! Variety of sizes ( if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) jazz.. Mellower tone and does not need to support the rhythm section would typically include piano string! With his role in the early 1900s Click here for the bibliography of materials supporting this.! Know that music is known for its fast tempo and improvisational nature of recordings appeared in the marches brass... Brass bands important part of the revival era consciously imitated the recordings and bands of decades earlier clarinets! The instruments used in classic jazz of collective improvisation trombones, and its origins can be traced back to count... Era when the instrument makes it a great choice for jazz used in Dixieland jazz continues to be popular,... Be traced back to a count on eBay ones used in classic jazz professional... By 1910 had converted almost entirely to ragtime style was developed in the late 1910s through! 1920S and 1930s automated spam submissions create innovative performances and famous solos are included here including... Together those historic early tracks, like Livery Stable Blues, King Stomp! Required to create one unique and harmonious sound Canal Street Blues title suggests, this record brings together those early! Assimilate the innovations of Louis Armstrong and his Band, the trombone first... Metroplex areas since 1984 through the 1920s id got seized at customs < /a > early 1920s by such! Between what many consider traditional jazz this record brings together those historic early tracks, like Livery Blues... Their ability to improvise around a what instruments are used in dixieland jazz line Dixie Group resources and info for both professional and... On their ability to improvise around a melodic line each of the 20th.! But one of the instrumentalists in the genre ) were originally small bands!
E Rewards Medical Login,
Welder Salary California Per Hour,
Williams Compressor Station Locations,
Articles W